Tugas Kelompok 4SA02

Asabel Putri, Chelsi Claudia, Eliska Tejaningtyas,

Julitha Putri, Siti Wulandari, Rahma Nabilah.

Penerjemahan Berbantuan Komputer

No	SL	Google Translate	TL	Strategy (Newmark)
1	When stress starts interfering with your ability to live a normal life for an extended period, it becomes even more dangerous.	Ketika stres mulai mengganggu kemampuan Anda menjalani kehidupan normal dalam waktu lama, itu akan menjadi lebih berbahaya lagi.	Ketika stress mulai mengganggu anda dalam menjalani kehidupan rutinitas dalam jangka waktu yang panjang, itu akan menjadi lebih berbahaya lagi.	Free and communicative translation method.
2	The longer the stress lasts, the worse it is for both your mind and body.	Semakin lama stres berlangsung, semakin buruk bagi pikiran dan tubuh Anda.	Semakin lama stres berlangsung, semakin buruk pula bagi kesehatan rohani dan jasmani dalam tubuh anda.	Free and communicative translation method.
3	You might feel fatigued, unable to concentrate or irritable for no good reason, for example.	Anda mungkin merasa lelah, tidak dapat berkonsentrasi atau mudah tersinggung tanpa alasan yang bagus, misalnya.	Anda mungkin akan merasa lelah, tidak dapat berkonsentrasi atau mudah tersinggung tanpa alasan yang jelas, misalnya.	Free and communicative translation method.
4	But chronic stress causes wear and tear on your body, too.Stress can make existing problems worse.	Tapi stres kronis menyebabkan keausan pada tubuh Anda juga. Stres bisa membuat masalah yang ada menjadi lebih buruk.	Stres kronis menyebabkan keausan pada tubuh anda juga. Stres bisa membuat masalah yang ada menjadi lebih buruk.	Free and communicative translation method.
5	In one study, for example, about half the participants saw improvements in chronic headaches after learning how to stop the stress-producing habit of “catastrophizing,” or constantly thinking negative thoughts about their pain.	Dalam sebuah penelitian, misalnya, sekitar setengah dari peserta melihat perbaikan pada sakit kepala kronis setelah belajar bagaimana menghentikan kebiasaan memproduksi stres "bencana", atau terus memikirkan pemikiran negatif tentang rasa sakit mereka.	Dalam sebuah penelitian, misalnya, sekitar setengah dari peserta melihat penyembuhan pada sakit kepala kronis setelah belajar bagaimana menghentikan kebiasaan terkena "bencana" stres, atau terus memikirkan pemikiran negatif tentang rasa sakit mereka.	Adaptation, free and communicative translation method.
6	Chronic stress may also cause disease, either because of changes in your body or the overeating, smoking and other bad habits people use to cope with stress.	Stres kronis juga bisa menyebabkan penyakit, entah karena perubahan pada tubuh Anda atau kebiasaan makan berlebihan, merokok dan kebiasaan buruk lainnya yang digunakan orang untuk mengatasi stres.	Stres kronis juga bisa menyebabkan penyakit, entah karena perubahan pada tubuh Anda atau kebiasaan makan berlebihan, merokok dan kebiasaan buruk lainnya yang digunakan orang untuk mengatasi stres.	Free and communicative translation method.
7	Job strain — high demands coupled with low decision-making latitude — is associated with increased risk of coronary disease, for example.	Ketegangan kerja - tuntutan tinggi ditambah dengan lintang pengambilan keputusan yang rendah - dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko penyakit koroner, misalnya.	Ketegangan kerja - tuntutan tinggi ditambah dengan lintang pengambilan keputusan yang rendah - dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko penyakit koroner, misalnya.	Free and communicative translation method.
8	Other forms of chronic stress, such as depression and low levels of social support, have also been implicated in increased cardiovascular risk.	Bentuk stres kronis lainnya, seperti depresi dan rendahnya tingkat dukungan sosial, juga telah terlibat dalam peningkatan risiko kardiovaskular.	Bentuk stres kronis lainnya, seperti depresi dan rendahnya tingkat dukungan sosial, juga menjadi salah satu penyebab peningkatan risiko kardiovaskular.	Free and communicative translation method.
9	And once you're sick, stress can also make it harder to recover.	Dan begitu Anda sakit, stres juga bisa membuat lebih sulit pulih.	Dan begitu Anda sakit, stres juga bisa membuat lebih sulit pulih.	Free and communicative translation method.
10	One analysis of past studies, for instance, suggests that cardiac patients with so-called “Type D” personalities — characterized by chronic distress — face higher risks of bad outcomes.	Salah satu analisis studi masa lalu, misalnya, menunjukkan bahwa pasien jantung dengan apa yang disebut kepribadian "Tipe D" - yang ditandai dengan masalah kronis - menghadapi risiko hasil buruk yang lebih tinggi.	Salah satu analisis studi masa lalu, misalnya, menunjukkan bahwa pasien jantung dengan apa yang disebut kepribadian "Tipe D" - yang ditandai dengan masalah kronis - akan menghadapi risiko-risiko hasil yang lebih buruk.	Free and communicative translation method.

How stress affects your health

Download the PDF version

·         Stress Fact Sheet (PDF, 390KB)

Stress: We've all felt it. Sometimes stress can be a positive force, motivating you to perform well at your piano recital or job interview. But often — like when you're stuck in traffic — it's a negative force. If you experience stress over a prolonged period of time, it could become chronic — unless you take action.

A natural reaction

Have you ever found yourself with sweaty hands on a first date or felt your heart pound during a scary movie? Then you know you can feel stress in both your mind and body.

This automatic response developed in our ancient ancestors as a way to protect them from predators and other threats. Faced with danger, the body kicks into gear, flooding the body with hormones that elevate your heart rate, increase your blood pressure, boost your energy and prepare you to deal with the problem.

These days, you're not likely to face the threat of being eaten. But you probably do confront multiple challenges every day, such as meeting deadlines, paying bills and juggling childcare that make your body react the same way. As a result, your body's natural alarm system — the “fight or flight” response — may be stuck in the on position. And that can have serious consequences for your health.

Pressure points

Even short-lived, minor stress can have an impact. You might get a stomach-ache before you have to give a presentation, for example. More major acute stress, whether caused by a fight with your spouse or an event like anearthquake or terrorist attack, can have an even bigger impact.

Multiple studies have shown that these sudden emotional stresses — especially anger — can trigger heart attacks, arrhythmias and even sudden death.¹ Although this happens mostly in people who already have heart disease, some people don't know they have a problem until acute stress causes a heart attack or something worse.

Chronic stress

When stress starts interfering with your ability to live a normal life for an extended period, it becomes even more dangerous. The longer the stress lasts, the worse it is for both your mind and body. You might feel fatigued, unable to concentrate or irritable for no good reason, for example. But chronic stress causes wear and tear on your body, too.

Stress can make existing problems worse.² In one study, for example, about half the participants saw improvements in chronic headaches after learning how to stop the stress-producing habit of “catastrophizing,” or constantly thinking negative thoughts about their pain.³ Chronic stress may also cause disease, either because of changes in your body or the overeating, smoking and other bad habits people use to cope with stress. Job strain — high demands coupled with low decision-making latitude — is associated with increased risk of coronary disease, for example.⁴ Other forms of chronic stress, such as depression and low levels of social support, have also been implicated in increased cardiovascular risk. And once you're sick, stress can also make it harder to recover. One analysis of past studies, for instance, suggests that cardiac patients with so-called “Type D” personalities — characterized by chronic distress — face higher risks of bad outcomes.⁵

What you can do

Reducing your stress levels can not only make you feel better right now, but may also protect your health long-term.

In one study, researchers examined the association between “positive affect” — feelings like happiness, joy, contentment and enthusiasm — and the development of coronary heart disease over a decade.⁶ They found that for every one-point increase in positive affect on a five-point scale, the rate of heart disease dropped by 22 percent.

While the study doesn't prove that increasing positive affect decreases cardiovascular risks, the researchers recommend boosting your positive affect by making a little time for enjoyable activities every day.

Other strategies for reducing stress include:

·         Identify what's causing stress. Monitor your state of mind throughout the day. If you feel stressed, write down the cause, your thoughts and your mood. Once you know what's bothering you, develop a plan for addressing it. That might mean setting more reasonable expectations for yourself and others or asking for help with household responsibilities, job assignments or other tasks. List all your commitments, assess your priorities and then eliminate any tasks that are not absolutely essential.

·         Build strong relationships. Relationships can be a source of stress. Research has found that negative, hostile reactions with your spouse cause immediate changes in stress-sensitive hormones, for example.⁷ But relationships can also serve as stress buffers. Reach out to family members or close friends and let them know you're having a tough time. They may be able to offer practical assistance and support, useful ideas or just a fresh perspective as you begin to tackle whatever's causing your stress.

·         Walk away when you're angry. Before you react, take time to regroup by counting to 10. Then reconsider. Walking or other physical activities can also help you work off steam. Plus, exercise increases the production of endorphins, your body's natural mood-booster. Commit to a daily walk or other form of exercise — a small step that can make a big difference in reducing stress levels.

·         Rest your mind. According to APA's 2012 Stress in America survey

, stress keeps more than 40 percent of adults lying awake at night. To help ensure you get the recommended seven or eight hours of shut-eye, cut back on caffeine, remove distractions such as television or computers from your bedroom and go to bed at the same time each night. Research shows that activities like yoga and relaxation exercises not only help reduce stress, but also boost immune functioning.⁸

·         Get help. If you continue to feel overwhelmed, consult with a psychologist or other licensed mental health professional who can help you learn how to manage stress effectively. He or she can help you identify situations or behaviors that contribute to your chronic stress and then develop an action plan for changing them.

The American Psychological Association's Practice Directorate gratefully acknowledges the assistance of David S. Krantz, PhD, Beverly Thorn, PhD, and Janice Kiecolt-Glaser, PhD, in developing this fact sheet.

References

¹ Krantz, D.S., Whittaker, K.S. & Sheps, D.S. (2011). “Psychosocial risk factors for coronary artery disease: Pathophysiologic mechanisms.” In Heart and Mind: Evolution of Cardiac Psychology . Washington, DC: APA.

² Kiecolt-Glaser, J. & Glaser, R.

3 Thorn, B.E., Pence, L.B., et al. (2007). “A randomized clinical trial of targeted cognitive behavioral treatment to reduce catastrophizing in chronic headache sufferers.” Journal of Pain 8 , 938-949.

⁴ Krantz, D.S. & McCeney, M.K. (2002). “Effects of psychological and social factors on organic disease: A critical assessment of research on coronary heart disease.” Annual Review of Psychology, 53 , 341-369.

⁵ Denollet, J., et al. (2010). “A general propensity to psychological distress affects cardiovascular outcomes: Evidence from research on the type D (distressed) personality profile.” Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 3, 546-557.

⁶ Davidson, K.W., Mostofsky, E. & Whang, W. (2010). “Don't worry, by happy: Positive affect and reduced 10-year incident coronary heart disease: The Canadian Nova Scotia Health Survey.” European Heart Journal, 31 , 1065-1070.

⁷ Kiecolt-Glaser, J. & Glaser, R.

⁸ Kiecolt-Glaser, J. & Glaser, R.

Revised 2013

Clauses and Sentences

Definitions and Examples of Basic Sentence Elements

The Mastering the Mechanics webinar series also describes required sentence elements and varying sentence types. Please see these archived webinars for more information.

Key: Yellow, bold = subject; green underline = verb, blue, italics = object, pink, regular font = prepositional phrase

Independent clause: An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. It contains a subject and a verb and is a complete idea.

• I like spaghetti.
• He reads many books.

Dependent clause: A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be attached to an independent clause to become complete. This is also known as a subordinate clause.

• Although I like spaghetti,…
• Because he reads many books,…

Subject: A person, animal, place, thing, or concept that does an action. Determine the subject in a sentence by asking the question “Who or what?”

• I like spaghetti.
• He reads many books.

Verb: Expresses what the person, animal, place, thing, or concept does. Determine the verb in a sentence by asking the question “What was the action or what happened?”

• I like spaghetti.
• He reads many books.
• The movie is good. (The be verb is also sometimes referred to as a copula or a linking verb. It links the subject, in this case the movie, to the complement or the predicate of the sentence, in this case, good.)

Object: A person, animal, place, thing, or concept that receives the action. Determine the object in a sentence by asking the question “The subject did what?” or “To whom?/For whom?”

• I like spaghetti.
• He reads many books.

Prepositional Phrase: A phrase that begins with a preposition (i.e., in, at for, behind, until, after, of, during) and modifies a word in the sentence. A prepositional phrase answers one of many questions. Here are a few examples: “Where? When? In what way?”

• I like spaghetti for dinner.
• He reads many books in the library.

English Sentence Structure

The following statements are true about sentences in English:

• A new sentence begins with a capital letter.
• He obtained his degree.

• A sentence ends with punctuation (a period, a question mark, or an exclamation point).
• He obtained his degree.

• A sentence contains a subject that is only given once.
• Smith he obtained his degree.

• A sentence contains a verb or a verb phrase.
• He obtained his degree.

• A sentence follows Subject + Verb + Object word order.
• He (subject) obtained (verb) his degree (object).

• A sentence must have a complete idea that stands alone. This is also called an independent clause.
• He obtained his degree.

Simple Sentences

A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb, and it may also have an object and modifiers. However, it contains only oneindependent clause.

Key: Yellow, bold = subject; green underline = verb, blue, italics = object, pink, regular font =prepositional phrase

Here are a few examples:

• She read.
• She completed her literature review.
• He organized his sources by theme.
• They studied APA rules for many hours.

Compound Sentences

A compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses.  These two independent clauses can be combined with a commaand a coordinating conjunction or with a semicolon.

Key: independent clause = yellow, bold; comma  or semicolon = pink, regular font; coordinating conjunction = green, underlined

Here are a few examples:

• She completed her literature review, and she created her reference list.
• He organized his sources by theme; then, he updated his reference list.
• They studied APA rules for many hours, but they realized there was still much to learn.

Using some compound sentences in writing allows for more sentence variety.

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Dependent clauses can refer to the subject (who, which) the sequence/time (since, while), or the causal elements (because, if) of the independent clause.

If a sentence begins with a dependent clause, note the comma after this clause. If, on the other hand, the sentence begins with an independent clause, there is not a comma separating the two clauses.

Key: independent clause = yellow, bold; comma = pink, regular font; dependent clause = blue, italics

Here are a few examples:

• Although she completed her literature review, she still needed to work on her methods section.
• Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a dependent clause.

• Because he organized his sources by theme, it was easier for his readers to follow.
• Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a dependent clause.

• They studied APA rules for many hours as they were so interesting.
• Note that there is no comma in this sentence because it begins with an independent clause.

• Using some complex sentences in writing allows for more sentence variety.

Compound-Complex Sentences

Sentence types can also be combined. A compound-complex sentence contains at least two independent clauses and at least onedependent clause.

Key: independent clause = yellow, bold; comma  or semicolon = pink, regular font; coordinating conjunction = green, underlined; dependent clause = blue, italics

• She completed her literature review, but she still needs to work on her methods section even though she finished her methods course last semester.
• Although he organized his sources by theme, he decided to arrange them chronologically, and he carefully followed the MEAL plan for organization. 
• With pizza and soda at hand, they studied APA rules for many hours, and they decided that writing in APA made sensebecause it was clear, concise, and objective.

• Using some complex-compound sentences in writing allows for more sentence variety.
• Pay close attention to comma usage in complex-compound sentences so that the reader is easily able to follow the intended meaning.

Source:

http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/sentencestructure